Man darf seinen Stein nicht ziehen ohne eine Freiheit zu erhalten. Manchmal ist es aber möglich auf ein Feld ohne Freiheiten zu ziehen. Durch den direkten Zug werden gegnerische Steine geschlagen und es entstehen neue Freiheiten.

Gebiete, die durch eigene Ketten so umschlossen sind dass der Gegner nicht hineinziehen kann nennt man Auge. Das Auge kann nur geschlagen werden, wenn man es komplett umzingelt.

Die zugehörigen Ketten sind nicht mehr schlagbar, wenn man eine Kombination von 2 oder mehr Augen hat.

Diese Konstellationen nennt man lebendig und sind unschlagbar. Haben zwar keine Regel aber grundlegend sind sie folgen der Regeln.

Beim tatsächlichen Spiel baut man nicht so oft Augen. Der geübte Spieler erkennt sofort ob eine bestimmte Konstellation in zwei oder mehr Augen verwandelbar ist.

Es gibt auch Stellungen die wie ein Auge aussehen aber gar keins sind. Japanese and Korean rules count some points as neutral where the basic rules, like Chinese rules, would not.

In order to understand the definition of territory, it is instructive to apply it first to a position of a kind that might arise before the end of a game.

Let us assume that a game has ended in the position below [27] even though it would not normally occur as a final position between skilled players.

The point a is adjacent to a black stone. Therefore, a does not belong to White's territory. However, a is connected to b by the path shown in the diagram, among others , which is adjacent to a white stone.

Therefore, a does not belong to Black's territory either. In conclusion, a is neutral territory. The point c is connected to d , which is adjacent to a white stone.

But c is also connected to e , which is adjacent to a black stone. Therefore, c is neutral territory. On the other hand, h is adjacent only to black stones and is not connected to any other points.

Therefore, h is black territory. For the same reason, i and j are black territory, and k is white territory. It is because there is so much territory left to be claimed that skilled players would not end the game in the previous position.

The game might continue with White playing 1 in the next diagram. If the game ended in this new position, the marked intersections would become White's territory, since they would no longer be connected to an empty intersection adjacent to a black stone.

The game might end with the moves shown below. In the final position, the points marked a are black territory and the points marked b are white territory.

The point marked c is the only neutral territory left. In Japanese and Korean rules, the point in the lower right corner and the point marked a on the right side of the board would fall under the seki exception, in which they would be considered neutral territory.

In the final position, an intersection is said to belong to a player's area if either: 1 it belongs to that player's territory; or 2 it is occupied by a stone of that player's color.

Consider once again the final position shown in the last diagram of the section "Territory". The following diagram illustrates the area of each player in that position.

Points in a player's area are occupied by a stone of the corresponding color. The lone neutral point does not belong to either player's area.

A player's score is the number of intersections in their area in the final position. For example, if a game ended as in the last diagram in the section "Territory", the score would be: Black 44, White The players' scores add to The scoring system described here is known as area scoring , and is the one used in the Chinese rules.

Different scoring systems exist. These determine the same winner in most instances. See the Scoring systems section below. Rule If one player has a higher score than the other, then that player wins.

Otherwise, the game is drawn. The most prominent difference between rulesets is the scoring method. There are two main scoring systems: territory scoring the Japanese method and area scoring the traditional Chinese method.

A third system stone scoring is rarely used today but was used in the past and has historical and theoretical interest. Care should be taken to distinguish between scoring systems and counting methods.

Only two scoring systems are in wide use, but there are two ways of counting using "area" scoring. In territory scoring including Japanese and Korean rules a player's score is determined by the number of empty locations that player has surrounded minus the number of stones their opponent has captured.

Furthermore, Japanese and Korean rules have special provisions in cases of seki , though this is not a necessary part of a territory scoring system.

See " Seki " below. Typically, counting is done by having each player place the prisoners they have taken into the opponent's territory and rearranging the remaining territory into easy-to-count shapes.

In area scoring including Chinese rules , a player's score is determined by the number of stones that player has on the board plus the empty area surrounded by that player's stones.

There are several common ways in which to count the score all these ways will always result in the same winner :. In stone scoring, a player's score is the number of stones that player has on the board.

Play typically continues until both players have nearly filled their territories, leaving only the two eyes necessary to prevent capture.

If the game ends with both players having played the same number of times, then the score will be identical in territory and area scoring.

AGA rules call for a player to give the opponent a stone when passing, and for White to play last passing a third time if necessary.

This "passing stone" does not affect the player's final area, but as it is treated like a prisoner in the territory scoring system, the result using a territory system is consequently the same as it would be using an area scoring system.

The results for stone and area scoring are identical if both sides have the same number of groups. Otherwise the results will differ by two points for each extra group.

Some older rules used area scoring with a "group tax" of two points per group; this will give results identical to those with stone scoring.

Customarily, when players agree that there are no useful moves left most often by passing in succession , they attempt to agree which groups are alive and which are dead.

If disagreement arises, then under Chinese rules the players simply play on. However, under Japanese rules, the game is already considered to have ended.

The players attempt to ascertain which groups of stones would remain if both players played perfectly from that point on. These groups are said to be alive.

In addition, this play is done under rules in which kos are treated differently from ordinary play. If the players reach an incorrect conclusion, then they both lose.

Unlike most other rulesets, the Japanese rules contain lengthy definitions of when groups are considered alive and when they are dead.

In fact, these definitions do not cover every situation that may arise. Some difficult cases not entirely determined by the rules and existing precedent must be adjudicated by a go tribunal.

The need for the Japanese rules to address the definition of life and death follows from the fact that in the Japanese rules, scores are calculated by territory rather than by area.

The rules cannot simply require a player to play on in order to prove that an opponent's group is dead, since playing in their own territory to do this would reduce their score.

Therefore, the game is divided into a phase of ordinary play, and a phase of determination of life and death which according to the Japanese rules is not technically part of the game.

To allow players of different skills to compete fairly, handicaps and komi are used. These are considered a part of the game and, unlike in many other games, they do not distort the nature of the game.

Players at all levels employ handicaps to make the game more balanced. In an "even", or non-handicap game, Black's initial advantage of moving first can be offset by komi compensation points : a fixed number of points, agreed before the game, added to White's score at the end of the game.

The correct value of komi to properly compensate for Black's advantage is controversial, but common values are 5. In a handicap game, komi is usually set to 0.

A handicap game with a handicap of 1 starts like an even game, but White receives only 0. Before the 20th century, there was no komi system.

When the great Shusaku was once asked how an important game came out, he said simply, "I had Black", implying that victory was inevitable.

Dennoch hat das verwendete Regelwerk nur in gelegentlich vorkommenden Ausnahmen wesentlichen Einfluss auf den Spielverlauf und das Spielergebnis.

Hier werden die wichtigsten internationalen Regeln und Regelunterschiede dargestellt. Eine einfachere Einführung in das Spiel findet sich auf der Seite Go.

Es gibt allerdings auch Varianten für mehrere Spieler wie zum Beispiel Paargo , bei dem jede Seite durch zwei Spieler vertreten wird, die sich abwechseln und nicht miteinander kommunizieren dürfen, oder Mehrfarbengo , bei dem mehrere Spieler mit jeweils einer eigenen Steinfarbe teilnehmen.

Das Spielbrett ist ein Gitter aus 19 horizontalen und 19 vertikalen Linien, die Schnittpunkte bilden. Das ist meist ein Gitter schwarzer Linien auf einem Holzbrett.

Zur optischen Orientierung, aber ohne Bedeutung für den Spielverlauf, sind einige Schnittpunkte durch etwas fettere Punkte markiert Hoshis. Auf diese werden bei einer Vorgabepartie die Vorgabesteine gesetzt.

Die Steine sind meist linsenförmig. Die Spieler führen abwechselnd einen Zug aus, Schwarz beginnt. Der Spieler, der am Zug ist, kann entweder einen eigenen Stein aus seinem Vorrat auf einen beliebigen leeren Schnittpunkt setzen oder passen.

Eine Kette ist eine Gruppe von einem oder mehreren Steinen einer Farbe, die über horizontale oder vertikale Linienabschnitte miteinander verbunden sind.

Genauer ist der Begriff der Kette wie folgt definiert:. Die Nachbarschaft der Schnittpunkte wird durch die Linien des Bretts vermittelt, darum können Schnittpunkte bzw.

Steine nur horizontal oder vertikal benachbart sein, nicht jedoch diagonal. Besteht eine Kette beispielsweise nur aus einem einzelnen Stein, so kann sie bis zu vier Freiheiten haben, denn in der Brettmitte hat jeder Schnittpunkt vier Nachbarpunkte, während ein Punkt am Rand drei und einer in der Ecke nur zwei Nachbarpunkte hat.

Ein Stein hat eine Freiheit, wenn er zu einer Kette gehört, die eine Freiheit hat. Wenn es nach dem Setzen eines Steins gegnerische Steine ohne Freiheit gibt, dann werden diese vom Brett entfernt.

Man sagt: sie werden geschlagen. Dieses Entfernen ist Bestandteil des Zugs. Wenn es auch eigene Steine ohne Freiheit gibt, werden diese nicht entfernt.

Es kann vorkommen, dass es nach dem Setzen eigene Steine ohne Freiheit gibt, während alle gegnerischen Steine noch eine Freiheit haben Stichwort: Selbstmord.

Je nach Regelwerk gilt entweder, dass ein solches Setzen nicht erlaubt ist, oder dass in diesem Fall die eigenen Steine ohne Freiheit geschlagen werden.

Nach dem Entfernen der geschlagenen Steine hat in jedem Fall jede Kette auf dem Brett eine Freiheit, denn wenn es eigene und gegnerische Steine ohne Freiheit gibt, erhalten die eigenen durch das Entfernen der gegnerischen wieder eine Freiheit.

Je nach Bewertungsregel werden durch Schlagen entfernte Steine entweder zurück zum Steinvorrat gegeben oder werden getrennt als Gefangene aufbewahrt.

Beim Setzen eines Steins kann es vorkommen, dass dieser keine Freiheit mehr hat. Werden dabei gegnerische Steine geschlagen, so werden erst diese vom Brett genommen.

Herman Hiddema : Trouble with ko situations seems extremely unlikely. Under area scoring, not defending a ko does not increase your score, but suppose you get into a situation where you have no ko threats but want your opponent to fill or otherwise defend the ko Can anyone construct an example where this would be desirable?

Playing in your own territory or in you opponents territory does not change the score, so you can simply play in your own or your opponents territory as a ko threat, and if your opponent does not defend the ko you can retake it.

Note that the above rules do not include a removal phase. The only rule on scoring is rule 9, therefore both players should capture all dead stones before passing.

Bill : Here is an example from the Ing rules , slightly altered. Black wins by 25 under Ing rules. What happens if the game is played out the rest of the way, as Tromp-Taylor scoring is meant to handle as I see it, at least?

Bill : Pass is best for Black under Tromp-Taylor rules. The game is played out, in the sense that Tromp and Taylor intend. The play option might look superfluous after the disagree option became play-forcing to remove the flaw explained above , but if he notices that the double pass was premature e.

Also note that a game end despite disagreeing about dead stones no longer is possible. By the way, the AGA rules should clarify that only indications made after the last double pass matter, and that a triple pass does not start an agreement procedure.

And their tournament regulations should clarify clock usage in the agreement procedure. The version is not clear about that, quote:.

Game's end; [. If game over is the same as game end, clocks would also have to tick in the agreement procedure, but I don't think that that is the case, unfortunately.

With the additional virtual option delay for not responding, here's all that can happen besides both falling asleep in EBNF :. Who the hell wants to hear actors talk?

AGA Rules. Keywords : Rules. Specific features: When passing, a stone must be handed over to the opponent. This stone becomes a prisoner. White must pass last.

This means that the game ends after 2 or 3 passes depending on who passes first. Scoring method : Area Counting method : Japanese Chinese counting can also be used producing the same result , but it is very rare to do so Superko : Yes Komi : 7.

Last two plays. Edit page Discuss page 3.

GehГren klassische Go Regeln und Video Go Regeln - Kurzfassung der Regeln